The 5 C's of Credit
Your bank is in business to make money. Consequently, when a bank lends money
it wants to ensure that it will be paid back. The bank must consider the 5
"C's" of Credit each time it makes a loan.
Capacity to repay is the most critical of the five factors. The prospective
lender will want to know exactly how you intend to repay the loan. The lender
will consider the cash flow from the business, the timing of the repayment,
and the probability of successful repayment of the loan. Payment history on
existing credit relationships - personal and commercial - is considered an
indicator of future payment performance. Prospective lenders also will want
to know about your contingent sources of repayment.
Capital is the money you personally have invested in the business and is an
indication of how much you will lose should the business fail. Prospective
lenders and investors will expect you to contribute your own assets and to
undertake personal financial risk to establish the business before asking
them to commit any funding. If you have a significant personal investment
in the business you are more likely to do everything in your power to make
the business successful.
Collateral or guarantees are additional forms of security you can provide
the lender. If the business cannot repay its loan, the bank wants to know
there is a second source of repayment. Assets such as equipment, buildings,
accounts receivable, and in some cases, inventory, are considered possible
sources of repayment if they are sold by the bank for cash. Both business
and personal assets can be sources of collateral for a loan. A guarantee,
on the other hand, is just that - someone else signs a guarantee document
promising to repay the loan if you can't. Some lenders may require such a
guarantee in addition to collateral as security for a loan.
Conditions focus on the intended purpose of the loan. Will the money be used
for working capital, additional equipment, or inventory? The lender will also
consider the local economic climate and conditions both within your industry
and in other industries that could affect your business.
Character is the personal impression you make on the potential lender or investor.
The lender decide subjectively whether or not you are sufficiently trustworthy
to repay the loan or generate a return on funds invested in your company.
Your educational background and experience in business and in your industry
will be reviewed. The quality of your references and the background and experience
of your employees will also be considered.
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